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The spiritual and intellectual capital of Morocco, well over 1,000 years old, Fes was first declared capital of the Kingdom of Morocco in the early ninth century by the son of Moulay Idriss, the great-grandson of the prophet Mohamed who brought Islam to Morocco.
It would serve again as capital in the Middle Ages and again in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was to Fes that the French and Spanish governments came in 1912 to force the Sultan to hand over His kingdom in the Treaty of Fes.
Medieval Fes was one of the world's great centers of education and culture: both Islamic and Jewish. Its religious institutions and its libraries are legendary. Its mosques are of great renown. And it was to Fes that many of the Muslims (and Jews) expelled from Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella came in 1492.
Although it is no longer political capital, in many ways little has changed since the Middle Ages. Fes remains the soul and spirit - and symbol - of Morocco.
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